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Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is provided when the gastrointestinal tract is nonfunctional because of an interruption in its continuity (it is blocked, or has a leak – a fistula) or because its absorptive capacity is impaired. [6] It has been used for comatose patients, although enteral feeding is usually preferable, and less prone to ...
Type 1 diabetes, also known as "juvenile-onset" diabetes is increasing in children and adolescents under the age of 15. [132] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the beta-cells produced by the pancreas; therefore, causing the body to have insulin deficiency. [133]
They also have essentially 100% bioavailability and can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or ineffective when they are given orally. [25] Some medications, such as certain antipsychotics, can be administered as long-acting intramuscular injections. [37] Ongoing IV infusions can be used to deliver continuous medication or fluids. [38]
The main goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose (BG) levels as normal as possible. [1] If diabetes is not well controlled, further challenges to health may occur. [1] People with diabetes can measure blood sugar by various methods, such as with a BG meter or a continuous glucose monitor, which monitors over several days. [2]
The annual cost of insulin for people with type 1 diabetes in the US almost doubled from $2,900 to $5,700 over the period from 2012 to 2016. [97] In 2019, it was estimated that people in the US pay two to six times more than the rest of the world for brand name prescription medicine, according to the International Federation of Health Plans. [98]
Intravenous sugar solution, also known as dextrose solution, is a mixture of dextrose (glucose) and water. [1] It is used to treat low blood sugar or water loss without electrolyte loss. [2] Water loss without electrolyte loss may occur in fever, hyperthyroidism, high blood calcium, or diabetes insipidus. [2]
The glucose tolerance test (GTT, not to be confused with GGT test) is a medical test in which glucose is given and blood samples taken afterward to determine how quickly it is cleared from the blood. [1] The test is usually used to test for diabetes, insulin resistance, impaired beta cell function, [2] and sometimes reactive hypoglycemia and ...
Hyperchloremic acidosis is a form of metabolic acidosis associated with a normal anion gap, a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration, and an increase in plasma chloride concentration [1] (see anion gap for a fuller explanation).