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The national languages Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are closely related and largely mutually intelligible. Both nations are Muslim-majority countries, founding members of ASEAN and APEC, and also members of the Non-Aligned Movement, Developing 8 Countries, United Nations, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Indonesia has taken steps not only to address the interrelated issues of climate change but also the forestry and mining industries. To mitigate deforestation, the government has implemented the Indonesia Forest Moratorium and the REDD+ program, as well as regulations regarding environmental impact assessments and monitoring of mining activities.
Malay: Indonesian (the standard regulated by Indonesia), [53] Brunei [54] and Malaysian (the standard used in Malaysia and Singapore). Both varieties are based on the same material basis and hence are generally mutually intelligible , despite the numerous lexical differences. [ 55 ]
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian Malay and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian Malay or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil. [citation needed]
Speakers of unintelligible Malay dialects speak standard Indonesian as a lingua franca. Besides the proper Malay languages, there are several languages closely related to Malay such as Minangkabau, Kerinci, Kubu and others. These languages are closely related to Malay, but their speakers do not consider their languages to be Malay.
Climate Change and Environmental Issues: As a country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Indonesia has been actively engaged in international efforts to address environmental issues. It has been a vocal advocate for sustainable development, forest conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The city is one of the world's most vulnerable cities to the impacts of climate change. Due to its geographical and natural diversity, Indonesia is one of the countries most susceptible to the impacts of climate change. [17] This is supported by the fact that Jakarta has been listed as the world's most vulnerable city, regarding climate change.
A National Policy on Climate Change was enacted in 2009, along with a National Renewable Energy Policy. [ 1 ] : 7 Around this time Malaysia pledged a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2020 compared to 2005, [ 1 ] : 1 and the Renewable Energy Act was adopted in 2011 alongside the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act.