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Ali played a pivotal role during the formative years of Islam and is recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) in Sunni Islam and the first imam in Shia Islam. Perhaps the most controversial such verse is 5:55, also known as the verse of walaya, which gave Ali the same spiritual authority as Muhammad, according to the Shia.
Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib; c. 600–661 CE) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.
Nahj al-balagha is an eleventh-century collection of more than two-hundred sermons, nearly eighty letters, and almost five-hundred sayings, all attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the fourth Rashidun caliph (r.
In Shia theology, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad. Ali is thus viewed, after Muhammad, as the sole authoritative source of (esoteric) guidance and the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Shia Muslims also believe that Ali, as with Muhammad, was divinely protected from sins.
[23] [24] Ali thus opposed the caliphate of Abu Bakr, who was hastily elected in the absence of Ali and the rest of Muhammad's kin. [25] Perhaps in the interest of the Muslim unity, [ 22 ] [ 26 ] Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs, [ 27 ] but without giving up his claims as the designated successor of Muhammad ...
In the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Wilferd Madelung considers the main Shiite claims to be Ali 's own view because he believes that Ali considered himself the most worthy person for the caliphate compared to other companions, and blamed the entire Muslim community for turning away from him, but at the same time Ali praised Abu Bakr and Umar as ...
Ali Hujwiri described the first caliph of Islam Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as "the Greatest Truthful," [9] and deemed him "the leader (imām) of all the folk of this Path." [9] Eulogizing Abu Bakr's piety, Ali Hujwiri praised him for how "he gave away all his wealth and his clients, and clad himself in a woolen garment, and came to the Messenger Muhammad "[10] and stated elsewhere that he "is ...
The Islamicist Laura Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) describes Ali as deeply devoted to the cause of Islam, [1] and her view is echoed by some others. [2] [3] The brief caliphate of Ali was thus characterized by his strict justice, as suggested by some authors, including Reza Shah-Kazemi, [4] Wilferd Madelung, [3] Moojan Momen, [2] Mahmoud M. Ayoub (d.