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  2. Euler spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_spiral

    The process of obtaining solution of (x, y) of an Euler spiral can thus be described as: Map L of the original Euler spiral by multiplying with factor a to L′ of the normalized Euler spiral; Find (x′, y′) from the Fresnel integrals; and; Map (x′, y′) to (x, y) by scaling up (denormalize) with factor ⁠ 1 / a ⁠. Note that ⁠ 1 / a ...

  3. Linear function (calculus) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function_(calculus)

    The slope a measures the rate of change of the output y per unit change in the input x. In the graph, moving one unit to the right (increasing x by 1) moves the y-value up by a: that is, (+) = +. Negative slope a indicates a decrease in y for each increase in x.

  4. Right-hand rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_rule

    In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a convention and a mnemonic, utilized to define the orientation of axes in three-dimensional space and to determine the direction of the cross product of two vectors, as well as to establish the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

  5. Rotation formalisms in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in...

    Rotation formalisms are focused on proper (orientation-preserving) motions of the Euclidean space with one fixed point, that a rotation refers to.Although physical motions with a fixed point are an important case (such as ones described in the center-of-mass frame, or motions of a joint), this approach creates a knowledge about all motions.

  6. Linear function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function

    Its graph, when there is only one variable, is a horizontal line. In this context, a function that is also a linear map (the other meaning) may be referred to as a homogeneous linear function or a linear form. In the context of linear algebra, the polynomial functions of degree 0 or 1 are the scalar-valued affine maps.

  7. Linear algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra

    Thus, computing intersections of lines and planes amounts to solving systems of linear equations. This was one of the main motivations for developing linear algebra. Most geometric transformation, such as translations, rotations, reflections, rigid motions, isometries, and projections transform lines into lines. It follows that they can be ...

  8. Linear equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation

    Vertical line of equation x = a Horizontal line of equation y = b. Each solution (x, y) of a linear equation + + = may be viewed as the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the Euclidean plane. With this interpretation, all solutions of the equation form a line, provided that a and b are not both zero. Conversely, every line is the set of all ...

  9. Linear approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_approximation

    Tangent line at (a, f(a)) In mathematics, a linear approximation is an approximation of a general function using a linear function (more precisely, an affine function). They are widely used in the method of finite differences to produce first order methods for solving or approximating solutions to equations.