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  2. Cracking (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)

    Hydrocracking is a catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of added hydrogen gas. Unlike a hydrotreater, hydrocracking uses hydrogen to break C–C bonds (hydrotreatment is conducted prior to hydrocracking to protect the catalysts in a hydrocracking process). In 2010, 265 million tons of petroleum was processed with this technology.

  3. Fluid catalytic cracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking

    The Houdry process at that time used reactors with a fixed bed of catalyst and was a semi-batch operation involving multiple reactors with some of the reactors in operation while other reactors were in various stages of regenerating the catalyst. Motor-driven valves were used to switch the reactors between online operation and offline ...

  4. Hydroprocessing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroprocessing

    Hydroprocessing is a catalytic term relating to the processes of hydrocracking and hydrotreating. [1] These process are for the removal of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and metals from crude oil, this is done in the refining of fuel to enable lower sulfur levels in fuels. [2] [3] [4] [5]

  5. Equilibrium catalyst - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_catalyst

    Equilibrium Catalyst refers to the deactivated or spent catalyst after use in a chemical reaction. The main player in oil refining processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing , hydrocracking is the catalyst or zeolitic material, that breaks down complex and long-chain hydrocarbons into simple, useful hydrocarbons.

  6. Catalytic reforming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_reforming

    Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert naphthas from crude oil into liquid products called reformates, which are premium "blending stocks" for high-octane gasoline. The process converts low-octane linear hydrocarbons (paraffins) into branched alkanes (isoparaffins) and cyclic naphthenes , which are then partially ...

  7. Faujasite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faujasite

    For catalytic cracking, the Y zeolite is often used in a rare earth-hydrogen exchanged form. [9] By using thermal, hydrothermal or chemical methods, some of the alumina can be removed from the Y zeolite framework, resulting in high-silica Y zeolites. Such zeolites are used in cracking and hydrocracking catalysts. Complete dealumination results ...

  8. Steam cracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cracking

    The propane dehydrogenation process may be accomplished through different commercial technologies. The main differences between each of them concerns the catalyst employed, design of the reactor and strategies to achieve higher conversion rates. [1] Olefins are useful precursors to myriad products. Steam cracking is the core technology that ...

  9. Bergius process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergius_process

    A number of catalysts have been developed over the years, including tungsten or molybdenum disulfide, tin or nickel oleate, and others. Alternatively, iron sulfide present in the coal may have sufficient catalytic activity for the process, which was the original Bergius process. [2] The mixture is pumped into a reactor.

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