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  2. Casting out nines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_out_nines

    The digit sum of 2946, for example is 2 + 9 + 4 + 6 = 21. Since 21 = 2946 − 325 × 9, the effect of taking the digit sum of 2946 is to "cast out" 325 lots of 9 from it. If the digit 9 is ignored when summing the digits, the effect is to "cast out" one more 9 to give the result 12.

  3. Multiplication table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_table

    Cycles of the unit digit of multiples of integers ending in 1, 3, 7 and 9 (upper row), and 2, 4, 6 and 8 (lower row) on a telephone keypad. Figure 1 is used for multiples of 1, 3, 7, and 9. Figure 2 is used for the multiples of 2, 4, 6, and 8. These patterns can be used to memorize the multiples of any number from 0 to 10, except 5.

  4. Multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication

    Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit. Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m 2; 4 ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ × 2 ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ = 11 ⁠ 1 / 4

  5. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

    Location arithmetic. v. t. e. Napier's bones is a manually operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617. [1]

  6. Product (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(mathematics)

    Product of two numbers. Originally, a product was and is still the result of the multiplication of two or more numbers. For example, 15 is the product of 3 and 5. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every composite number is a product of prime numbers, that is unique up to the order of the factors.

  7. Multiplication algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_algorithm

    A multiplication algorithm is an algorithm (or method) to multiply two numbers. Depending on the size of the numbers, different algorithms are more efficient than others. Numerous algorithms are known and there has been much research into the topic. The oldest and simplest method, known since antiquity as long multiplication or grade-school ...

  8. Rule of product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_product

    Rule of product. The elements of the set {A, B} can combine with the elements of the set {1, 2, 3} in six different ways. In combinatorics, the rule of product or multiplication principle is a basic counting principle (a.k.a. the fundamental principle of counting). Stated simply, it is the intuitive idea that if there are a ways of doing ...

  9. Occam's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor

    3.328 "If a sign is not necessary then it is meaningless. That is the meaning of Occam's Razor." (If everything in the symbolism works as though a sign had meaning, then it has meaning.) 4.04 "In the proposition, there must be exactly as many things distinguishable as there are in the state of affairs, which it represents.