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John the Apostle [12] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes; [13] c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint John the Theologian, [14] was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament.
For much of the 20th century, scholars interpreted the Gospel of John within the paradigm of this hypothetical Johannine community, [5] meaning that the gospel sprang from a late-1st-century Christian community excommunicated from the Jewish synagogue (probably meaning the Jewish community) [6] on account of its belief in Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah. [7]
The New Testament's Acts of the Apostles and Epistle to the Galatians record that an early Jewish Christian community [note 9] centered on Jerusalem, and that its leaders included Peter, James, the brother of Jesus, and John the Apostle. [99] The Jerusalem community "held a central place among all the churches," as witnessed by Paul's writings ...
The Acts of John refers to a collection of stories about John the Apostle that began circulating in written form as early as the 2nd-century AD. Translations of the Acts of John in modern languages have been reconstructed by scholars from a number of manuscripts of later date. The Acts of John are generally classified as New Testament apocrypha.
Most scholars claim that the apostle John, son of Zebedee, wrote none of the Johannine works, including the Gospel of John [2] [4] Various objections to John the Apostle's authorship have been raised: The Synoptic Gospels are united in identifying John as a fisherman from Galilee, and Acts 4:13 refers to John as "without learning" or "unlettered".
The Acts of John in Rome is a 4th-century Christian apocryphal text that presents stories about the Apostle John.The text, written in Greek, [1] is believed to be based on orally handed down stories [1] [2] (and in particular collected stories recounted in the writings of Eusebius of Caesarea) [2] about the works of John in Rome.
Around 185 Iraneus, a bishop of Lyon who lived c.130–c.202, attributed them to: 1) Matthew, an apostle who followed Jesus in his earthly career; 2) Mark, who while himself not a disciple was the companion of Peter, who was; 3) Luke, the companion of Paul, the author of the Pauline epistles; and 4) John, who like Matthew was an apostle who had ...
The First Epistle of John stands out from the others due to its form, but they are united by language, style, contents, themes, and worldview. [9] The Second and Third Epistles of John are composed as regular greco-roman letters, with greetings and endings, while the First Epistle of John lacks such characteristic markings and instead resembles a sermon or an exhoratory speech.