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In equilibrium, all firms pay the same wage above market clearing, and unemployment makes job loss costly, and so unemployment serves as a worker-discipline device. [3] A jobless person cannot convince an employer that he works at a wage lower than the equilibrium wage, because the owner worries that shirking occurs after he is hired.
If the attractiveness of that area compared to other areas do not change, the wage rate will be set at such a rate that workers would be indifferent between living in areas that are more attractive but with a lower wage and living in areas which are less attractive and with a higher wage. Henceforth, a sustained equilibrium with different wage ...
These supply and demand curves can be analysed in the same way as any other industry demand and supply curves to determine equilibrium wage and employment levels. Wage differences exist, particularly in mixed and fully/partly flexible labour markets. For example, the wages of a doctor and a port cleaner, both employed by the NHS, differ greatly ...
Because workers are paid more than the equilibrium wage, there may be unemployment, as the above-market wage rates attract more workers. [citation needed] Efficiency wages offer, therefore, a market failure explanation of unemployment in contrast to theories that emphasize government intervention such as minimum wages. [2]
The equilibrium price for a certain type of labor is the wage rate. [5] However, economist Steve Fleetwood revisited the empirical reality of supply and demand curves in labor markets and concluded that the evidence is "at best inconclusive and at worst casts doubt on their existence."
The marginal revenue productivity theory of wages is a model of wage levels in which they set to match to the marginal revenue product of labor, (the value of the marginal product of labor), which is the increment to revenues caused by the increment to output produced by the last laborer employed.
In an economy with involuntary unemployment, there is a surplus of labor at the current real wage. [1] This occurs when there is some force that prevents the real wage rate from decreasing to the real wage rate that would equilibrate supply and demand (such as a minimum wage above the market-clearing wage). Structural unemployment is also ...
In the short run (and possibly in the long run), markets may find a temporary equilibrium at a price and quantity that does not correspond with the long-term market-clearing balance. For example, in the theory of " efficiency wages ", a labor market can be in equilibrium above the market-clearing wage since each employer has the incentive to ...