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The Grand Duchy of Finland, officially and also translated as the Grand Principality of Finland, [a] was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an autonomous state within the Russian Empire .
The Grand Duchy inherited its allotment system (Finnish: ruotujakolaitos, Swedish: indelningsverket) from the Swedish military organization. However, for several decades, Russian rulers did not require military service from Finland – operations and defence were mostly taken care by Russian troops based in the grand duchy.
The Grand Duke of Finland, alternatively the Grand Prince of Finland [a] after 1802, was, from around 1580 to 1809, a title in use by most Swedish monarchs. Between 1809 and 1917, it was included in the title of the emperor of Russia , who was also the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Finland .
In 1809, the lost territory of Sweden became the Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous part of the Russian Empire. The Diet of Porvoo (later the Diet of Finland) recognized Alexander I of Russia as grand duke on 29 March 1809. For his part, Alexander confirmed the rights of the Finns, in particular, promising freedom to pursue their customs and ...
This is a list of heads of state of Finland; that is, the kings of Sweden with regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the grand dukes of Finland, a title used by most Swedish monarchs and Russian emperors, up to the two-year regency following the independence in 1917, with a brief flirtation with a truly domestic monarchy.
As a result of the so-called Finnish War of 1808–1809 Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire until Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917. During that period the Finnish army participated in the wars of Russia, such as the Crimean War —during which, in 1855, the French and the British ...
In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809 Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland, east of the Torne River, to Russia. The ceded territories became a part of the Russian Empire and was reconstituted into the Grand Duchy of Finland, with the Russian Tsar as Grand Duke.
In 1589 he appears to have made arrangements to grant the Duchy of Finland at birth to his younger son Duke John (see below). In 1581, King John III additionally assumed the subsidiary title of Grand Prince of Finland and Karelia. [3] Karelia was soon dropped from the title and considered part of Finland in an expanded eastern extent.