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In international law, extraterritoriality or exterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Historically, this primarily applied to individuals, as jurisdiction was usually claimed on peoples rather than on lands. [ 1 ]
In a 1909 Supreme Court case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes introduced what came to be known as the "presumption against extraterritoriality," making explicit this judicial preference that U.S. laws not be applied to other countries. American thought about extraterritoriality has changed over the years, however.
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty. The 205 listed states can be divided into three categories based on membership within the United Nations System : 193 UN member states , [ 1 ] two UN General Assembly non-member observer ...
This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. Variations on are noted below and discussed in the following articles: Continent, Boundaries between the continents of Earth, and List of transcontinental countries.
The following chart lists countries and dependencies along with their capital cities, in English and non-English official language(s). In bold: internationally recognized sovereign states. The 193 member states of the United Nations (UN) Vatican City (administered by the Holy See, a UN observer state), which is generally recognized as a ...
(See List of words derived from toponyms.) In cases where two or more adjectival forms are given, there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two. This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries, where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other tends to relate to the predominant ethnic group (e.g. Uzbek is ...
Some countries have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. Some have special names particular to poetic diction or other contexts. This article attempts to give all known alternative names and initialisms for all nations, countries, and sovereign states, in English and any languages that are predominant or official, or ...
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