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In media studies, mass communication, media psychology, communication theory, and sociology, media influence and media effects are topics relating to mass media and media culture's effects on individual or an audience's thoughts, attitudes, and behavior. Whether it is written, televised, or spoken, mass media reaches a large audience.
This theory also states that the experience of others can be used in the decision making process. If a family member recommends a book then an individual is more likely to pick up the book and read it themselves. This theory does address more thoroughly media avoidance than does Uses and Gratifications Theory. [2]
Many media effects theories hypothesize conditional media effects, including uses-and-gratifications theory (Rubin 2009), [53] reinforcing spiral model (Slater 2007), [71] the conditional model of political communication effects (McLeod et al. 2009), [72] the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo 1986).
Elihu Katz’s uses and gratifications theory examines why individuals choose to take in media. At its core, the uses and gratifications theory explores how there is no single reason why people consume the messages that they do. [5] Instead, one person consumes specific media for different reasons than another person may consume the same media.
Media dependency theory states two specific conditions under which people's media needs, and consequently people's dependency on media and the potential for media effects, are heightened. The first condition of heightened media needs occurs when the number of media and centrality of media functions in a society are high.
The concept of parasocial interaction became increasingly attractive to mass communication scholars as more active views of the audience emerged in the second half of the 20th century—especially uses and gratification theory—and numerous empirical studies have utilized the idea to explore PSI’s antecedents, correlates, and consequences. [4]
The uses and gratification model emphasizes what the audience does with the media presented to them, here influence lies with the consumer. The "ethnographic turn" contributed to the maturing of the field as contexts of consumption are now recognized as having significant impact upon the processes of the interpretation of media.
Other theories and models are compatible with active audience theory, including the Encoding/Decoding model and the Uses and gratifications theory.There has been much debate and research on how audiences interpret the Mass media and the effects mass media has on its audiences and the messages they receive.