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Of the surviving pre-Roman accounts of Scotland, the first written reference to Scotland was the Greek Pytheas of Massalia, who may have circumnavigated the British Isles of Albion and Ierne (Ireland) [26] [27] sometime around 325 BC. The most northerly point of Britain was called Orcas (Orkney).
This is a timeline of Scottish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Scotland and its predecessor states. See also Timeline of prehistoric Scotland . To read about the background to many of these events, see History of Scotland .
The same source mentions the first recorded naval battle around the British Isles in 719 and eight naval expeditions between 568 and 733. [70] The only vessels to survive from this period are dugout canoes, but images from the period suggest that there may have been skin boats (similar to the Irish currach) and larger oared vessels. [71]
From the 5th century on, north Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms. Of these, the four most important were those of the Picts in the north-east, the Scots of Dál Riata in the west, the Britons of Strathclyde in the south-west and the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia (which united with Deira to form Northumbria in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England.
Edinburgh, Scotland's capital city, is the 13th-largest financial centre in the world and 4th largest in Europe in 2020 [7] RMS Queen Elizabeth on the slipway at Clydebank, circa 1938. Oil and gas extraction in the North Sea of the coast of northeast Scotland
In 1579 the Frenchman Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, first cousin of James' father Lord Darnley, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the closest of the then 13-year-old James's powerful male favourites; [25] he was created Earl of Lennox by the king in 1580, and Duke of Lennox in 1581. [26]
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Scotland grew from its base in the eastern Lowlands, to approximately its modern borders. The varied and dramatic geography of the land provided a protection against invasion, but limited central control. It also defined the largely pastoral economy, with the first burghs being created from the twelfth century.