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CRL for a revoked cert of Verisign CA. There are two different states of revocation defined in RFC 5280: Revoked A certificate is irreversibly revoked if, for example, it is discovered that the certificate authority (CA) had improperly issued a certificate, or if a private-key is thought to have been compromised.
The OCSP responder uses the certificate serial number to look up the revocation status of Alice's certificate. The OCSP responder looks in a CA database that Carol maintains. In this scenario, Carol's CA database is the only trusted location where a compromise to Alice's certificate would be recorded.
A CRL contains information about all of the certificates revoked by a CA, which means distributors and clients must incur transfer costs for information that is likely irrelevant. [30] A 2015 study found that the median certificate had a CRL with size 51 kB, and the largest CRL was 76 MB. [2]
OCSP stapling is designed to reduce the cost of an OCSP validation, both for the client and the OCSP responder, especially for large sites serving many simultaneous users. However, OCSP stapling supports only one OCSP response at a time, which is insufficient for certificate chains with intermediate CA certs. [26] [27]
In large-scale deployments, Alice may not be familiar with Bob's certificate authority (perhaps they each have a different CA server), so Bob's certificate may also include his CA's public key signed by a different CA 2, which is presumably recognizable by Alice. This process typically leads to a hierarchy or mesh of CAs and CA certificates.
Self-contained messages with protection independent of transfer mechanism – as opposed to related protocols EST and SCEP, this supports end-to-end security.; Full certificate life-cycle support: an end entity can utilize CMP to obtain certificates from a CA, request updates for them, and also get them revoked.
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The CA issues a special precertificate, a certificate which carries a poison extension signaling that it should not be accepted by user agents. The CA sends the precertificate to logs. Logs return corresponding SCTs to the CA. The CA attaches SCTs collected from logs as an X.509 extension to the final certificate and provides it to the applicant.