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Mirza Ghalib is considered one of the leading literary authority on Urdu poetry. [3] He lived in Delhi [4] and died in 1869. The literal meaning of shayar (shaa'ir) is poet. [5] There are more than 30 types of Urdu poetry, also known as shayari. Examples of shayari are ghazal, sher, nazm, marsiya, qita and many more. [6]
Urdu's use was not confined only to northern India – it had been used as a literary medium for Indian writers from the Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Orissa Province, and Tamil Nadu as well. [153] As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script.
The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships. [1] Following the Partition of India in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is ...
Rekhta is an Indian web portal started by Rekhta Foundation, a non-profit organisation dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the Urdu literature. [4] The Rekhta Library Project, its books preservation initiative, has successfully digitized approximately 200,000 books over a span of ten years. [5]
Amir Khusrau, a 13th-century Urdu poet. As Hindavi began to evolve into a literary language in the 18th century, the new term Rekhta carried over to describe this language. It denoted the Persianized, "high" form of Hindavi used in poetry, as opposed to the speech of the common population. The word was used alongside names like Urdu and Hindi.
Mushaira (Urdu: مشاعرہ, romanized: Mušā'ira) is a poetic symposium. It is an event (called mehfil, Mushairi) where poets gather to perform their works. A mushaira is part of the Culture of North India, Pakistan and the Deccan, particularly among the Hyderabadi Muslims, and it regarded as a forum for free self-expression. [1]
The Urdu ghazal makes use of two main rhymes: the radif and qaafiya. [9] The radif is a repeating refrain consisting of a single word or short phrase that ends every second line in the ghazal. [ 9 ] However, in the matla , the first she'r of a ghazal, the radif will end both lines of the she'r.
The Hindi–Urdu controversy arose in 19th-century colonial India out of the debate over whether Modern Standard Hindi or Standard Urdu should be chosen as a national language. Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, to the extent that they are sometimes considered to be dialects or registers of a single spoken language ...