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2. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

   The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path between the two points on the surface of the sphere. (By comparison, the shortest path passing through the sphere's interior is the chord between ...

3. Great-circle navigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_navigation

   Great-circle navigation or orthodromic navigation (related to orthodromic course; from Ancient Greek ορθός (orthós) 'right angle', and δρόμος (drómos) 'path') is the practice of navigating a vessel (a ship or aircraft) along a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance between two points on the globe.

4. Flight level - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_level

   Flight level. In aviation, a flight level ( FL) is an aircraft's altitude using the International Standard Atmosphere, expressed in hundreds of feet or metres. The altimeter setting used is the ISA pressure of 1013 hPa or (29.92 inHg ). At a flight level, every aircraft has the same altimeter setting; the actual height varies due flying at a ...

5. Air navigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_navigation

   Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways; Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds, leaving less time to calculate their position en route. Aircraft normally cannot stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure. Aircraft are safety-limited by the amount of fuel they can carry; a surface vehicle can ...

6. Heading (navigation) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heading_(navigation)

   In navigation, the heading of a vessel or aircraft is the compass direction in which the craft's bow or nose is pointed. Note that the heading may not necessarily be the direction that the vehicle actually travels, which is known as its course or track. Any difference between the heading and course is due to the motion of the underlying medium ...

7. Azimuth - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth

   The azimuth is the angle formed between a reference direction (in this example north) and a line from the observer to a point of interest projected on the same plane as the reference direction orthogonal to the zenith. An azimuth ( / ˈæzəməθ / ⓘ; from Arabic: اَلسُّمُوت, romanized : as-sumūt, lit. 'the directions') [1] is the ...