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As of 2016 four adults were reported to have died in the US and Europe after intentionally ingesting e-liquid. [115] Two children, one in the US in 2014 and another in Israel in 2013, died after ingesting liquid nicotine. [116] A two-year-old girl in the UK in 2014 was hospitalized after licking an e-cigarette liquid refill. [117]
[27] [28] An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine. [29] The estimated lower dose limit for fatal outcomes is 500–1,000 mg of ingested nicotine for an adult (6.5–13 mg/kg). [27] [29] Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence. [30]
The scientific community in the United States and Europe are primarily concerned with the possible effect of electronic cigarette use on public health. [1] There is concern among public health experts that e-cigarettes could renormalize smoking, weaken measures to control tobacco, [2] and serve as a gateway for smoking among youth. [3]
A 2016 review found "The nicotine contained in the aerosol from 13 puffs of an e-cigarette in which the nicotine concentration of the liquid is 18 mg per milliliter has been estimated to be similar to the amount in the smoke of a typical tobacco cigarette, which contains approximately 0.5 mg of nicotine."
A 2015 study found that users vaping non-nicotine e-liquid exhibited signs of dependence. [68] Experienced users tend to take longer puffs which may result in higher nicotine intake. [69] It is difficult to assess the impact of nicotine dependence from e-cigarette use because of the wide range of e-cigarette products. [67]
Nicotine gum is available in doses of 2 mg and 4 mg. Using 4 mg nicotine gum versus 2 mg gum increases the likelihood of successful smoking cessation. [28] When using the gum, acidic beverages like soda, coffee, or beer should be avoided fifteen minutes prior and during use because they can impede proper absorption of nicotine. [33]
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
An electronic cigarette uses an e-liquid that may contain nicotine (typically derived from the tobacco plant), glycerin, propylene glycol, flavorings, and other ingredients. [8] The device has an electric heat source that heats the e-liquid to create an aerosol that the user inhales. [8] Three components of a heated tobacco product. [9]
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