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Epididymitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the epididymis, a curved structure at the back of the testicle. [1] Onset of pain is typically over a day or two. [ 1 ] The pain may improve with raising the testicle. [ 1 ]
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating genital pain condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy. [1] [2] [3] Because this condition is a syndrome, there is no single treatment method, therefore efforts focus on mitigating/relieving the individual patient's specific pain.
Chronic scrotal pain (pain for greater than 3 months) may occur due to a number of underlying conditions. [3] It occurs in 15-19% of men post vasectomy, due to infections such as epididymitis, prostatitis, and orchitis, as well as varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, polyarteritis nodosa, testicular torsion, previous surgery and trauma. [3]
The epididymis (/ ɛ p ɪ ˈ d ɪ d ɪ m ɪ s /; pl.: epididymides / ɛ p ɪ d ɪ ˈ d ɪ m ə d iː z / or / ɛ p ɪ ˈ d ɪ d ə m ɪ d iː z /) is an elongated tubular genital organ attached to the posterior side of each one of the two male reproductive glands, the testicles.
According to Prehn's sign, the physical lifting of the testicles relieves the pain of epididymitis but not pain caused by testicular torsion. [ 4 ] Negative Prehn's sign indicates no pain relief with lifting the affected testicle, which points towards testicular torsion which is a surgical emergency and must be relieved within 6 hours.
One theory is that CP/CPPS is a psychoneuromuscular (psychological, neurological, and muscular) disorder. [12] The theory proposes that anxiety or stress results in chronic, unconscious contraction of the pelvic floor muscles, leading to the formation of trigger points and pain. [12]
Vasectomies are a common, effective procedure for the sterilization of males. History of trauma or epididymitis can also lead to sperm granuloma. In vasectomies, the vas deferens are cut and the two ends are tied to prevent sperm from passing. Sperm granuloma may then grow at the point where the vas deferens were cut. [2]
Sepsis, in extremely rare cases (0.03%), if not treated for a long period of time, it could lead to sepsis and cause severe life-threatening infections and injuries through the blood and organs, which could lead to death. Recurrence of torsion may occur even after surgical fixation, although this is very unlikely. [13] [14]