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Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.
According to one view, the known fact has to cause the belief in the right way. [51] Another theory states that the belief is the product of a reliable belief formation process. [ 52 ] Further approaches require that the person would not have the belief if it was false, [ 53 ] that the belief is not inferred from a falsehood, [ 54 ] that the ...
In 1738, the Scottish philosopher David Hume differentiated intellectual curiosity from a more primitive form of curiosity: . The same theory, that accounts for the love of truth in mathematics and algebra, may be extended to morals, politics, natural philosophy, and other studies, where we consider not the other abstract relations of ideas, but their real connexions and existence.
Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) [1] is an educational method named after Socrates that focuses on discovering answers by asking questions of students. According to Plato, Socrates believed that "the disciplined practice of thoughtful questioning enables the scholar/student to examine ideas and be able to determine the validity of those ideas". [2]
In such cases, the truth is called a logical truth: a proposition is logically true if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. [54] This means that it is true under all interpretations of its non-logical terms. In some modal logics, this means that the proposition is true in all possible worlds. [55]
Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]
In this regard, the main interest is usually about how people ascribe truth values to meaning-contents, like when affirming an assertion, independent of whether this assertion is true or false. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Despite these positions, it is widely accepted in epistemology that truth is an essential component of declarative knowledge.
Accuracy needs influence the way in which people search for self-knowledge. People frequently wish to know the truth about themselves without regard as to whether they learn something positive or negative. [24] There are three considerations which underlie this need: [25] Occasionally people simply want to reduce any uncertainty.