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Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate; mathematically, the bottom line should be the same as the top line, in 'fp-math' the step '1 + 1/9000' leads to a rounding up as the first bit of the 14 bit tail '10111000110010' of the mantissa falling off the table when adding 1 is a '1', this up-rounding is not undone when subtracting the 1 again, since there is no ...
A grid is drawn up, and each cell is split diagonally. The two multiplicands of the product to be calculated are written along the top and right side of the lattice, respectively, with one digit per column across the top for the first multiplicand (the number written left to right), and one digit per row down the right side for the second multiplicand (the number written top-down).
A cell on a different sheet of the same spreadsheet is usually addressed as: =SHEET2!A1 (that is; the first cell in sheet 2 of the same spreadsheet). Some spreadsheet implementations in Excel allow cell references to another spreadsheet (not the currently open and active file) on the same computer or a local network.
(A variant of this can also be used to multiply complex numbers quickly.) Done recursively, this has a time complexity of (). Splitting numbers into more than two parts results in Toom-Cook multiplication; for example, using three parts results in the Toom-3 algorithm. Using many parts can set the exponent arbitrarily close to 1, but the ...
The grid method can be introduced by thinking about how to add up the number of points in a regular array, for example the number of squares of chocolate in a chocolate bar. As the size of the calculation becomes larger, it becomes easier to start counting in tens; and to represent the calculation as a box which can be sub-divided, rather than ...
Another method is to simply multiply the number by 10, and add the original number to the result. For example: 17 × 11 17 × 10 = 170 170 + 17 = 187 17 × 11 = 187 One last easy way: If one has a two-digit number, take it and add the two numbers together and put that sum in the middle, and one can get the answer.
For example, to multiply 7 and 15 modulo 17 in Montgomery form, again with R = 100, compute the product of 3 and 4 to get 12 as above. The extended Euclidean algorithm implies that 8⋅100 − 47⋅17 = 1, so R′ = 8. Multiply 12 by 8 to get 96 and reduce modulo 17 to get 11. This is the Montgomery form of 3, as expected.
The Hadamard product operates on identically shaped matrices and produces a third matrix of the same dimensions. In mathematics, the Hadamard product (also known as the element-wise product, entrywise product [1]: ch. 5 or Schur product [2]) is a binary operation that takes in two matrices of the same dimensions and returns a matrix of the multiplied corresponding elements.