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A trion is a bound state of three charged particles. A negatively charged trion in crystals consists of two electrons and one hole, while a positively charged trion consists of two holes and one electron. The binding energy of a trion is largely determined by the exchange interaction between the two electrons (holes).
, negatively charged (containing a strange quark and an up antiquark) has mass 493.677 ± 0.013 MeV and mean lifetime (1.2380 ± 0.0020) × 10 −8 s. K + ( antiparticle of above) positively charged (containing an up quark and a strange antiquark ) must (by CPT invariance ) have mass and lifetime equal to that of
Phonons are vibrational modes in a crystal lattice. Plasmons are coherent excitations of a plasma. Polaritons are mixtures of photons with other quasi-particles. Polarons are moving, charged (quasi-) particles that are surrounded by ions in a material.
The local protrusion separation theory believes that when water droplets collide with each other or are subjected to external forces, the water droplets will automatically protrude locally and generate negative charge aggregation. When subjected to shear force, this part will form negative ions with crystal water and be released into the air. [14]
C corresponds to the electronic charge of the species relative to the site that it occupies. The charge of the species is calculated by the charge on the current site minus the charge on the original site. To continue the previous example, Ni often has the same valency as Cu, so the relative charge is zero. To indicate a null charge, × is used
It is a property of particles with an electric charge. When subject to an electric field, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged atomic nuclei are subject to opposite forces and undergo charge separation. Polarizability is responsible for a material's dielectric constant and, at high (optical) frequencies, its refractive index.
Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied force. Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of "normal" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of conservation of momentum or energy .
When substituting for a silicon atom in the crystal lattice, the three valence electrons of boron form covalent bonds with three of the Si neighbours but the bond with the fourth remains unsatisfied. The initially electro-neutral acceptor becomes negatively charged . The unsatisfied bond attracts electrons from the neighbouring bonds.