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  2. Frascati Manual - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati_Manual

    The Frascati Manual classifies budgets according to what is done, what is studied, and who is studying it. For example, an oral history project conducted by a religious organization would be classified as being basic research, in the field of humanities (the sub-category of history), and performed by a non-governmental, non-profit organization.

  3. Bottom-up and top-down design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up_and_top-down_design

    Top-down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, [2] [failed verification] and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be used. Modern software design approaches usually combine top-down and bottom-up approaches. Although an ...

  4. Research development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Development

    Research development (RD) is a set of strategic, proactive, catalytic, and capacity-building activities designed to facilitate individual faculty members, teams of researchers, and central research administrations in attracting extramural research funding, creating relationships, and developing and implementing strategies that increase institutional competitiveness.

  5. Research and development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development

    Cycle of research and development Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015). Research and development (R&D or R+D), [1] known in some countries as experiment and design, is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products.

  6. Business and management research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_and_management...

    Business and management research is a systematic inquiry that helps to solve business problems and contributes to management knowledge. It Is an applied research. Four factors (Easterby-Smith, 2008) combine to make business and management a distinctive focus for research : Transdiscipline approach

  7. Analytic hierarchy process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_hierarchy_process

    Constructing a hierarchy typically involves significant discussion, research, and discovery by those involved. Even after its initial construction, it can be changed to accommodate newly-thought-of criteria or criteria not originally considered to be important; alternatives can also be added, deleted, or changed.

  8. Organization development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_development

    Organization development (OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify a group's/organization's performance and/or culture. The organizational changes are typically initiated by the group's stakeholders.

  9. Business analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Analysis

    Business analysis is a professional discipline [1] focused on identifying business needs and determining solutions to business problems. [2] Solutions may include a software-systems development component, process improvements, or organizational changes, and may involve extensive analysis, strategic planning and policy development.