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  2. Pope Pius IX - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX

    In the period before the 1848 revolutions, Pius was a most ardent reformer advised by such innovative thinkers as Antonio Rosmini (1797–1855), who reconciled the new free-thinking concerning human rights with the classical natural law tradition of the church's political and economic teaching on social justice. [33]

  3. Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the...

    The new Pope faced the aggressive foreign policy of Nazism, and perceived a threat to Europe and the Church from Soviet Communism, which preached atheism – "each system attacked religion, both denied freedom and the victory of either would be a defeat for the Church", wrote Garlinski. Pius XII lobbied world leaders to avoid war and then ...

  4. Pope Pius XII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII

    Pope Pius XII (born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, Italian pronunciation: [euˈdʒɛːnjo maˈriːa dʒuˈzɛppe dʒoˈvanni paˈtʃɛlli]; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958.

  5. Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_raid...

    Pope Pius XII's response to the Roman razzia (Italian for roundup), or mass deportation of Jews, on October 16, 1943, is a significant issue relating to Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. Under Mussolini , no policy of abduction of Jews had been implemented in Italy.

  6. FACT CHECK: Is The Pope Opening Up Five ‘Sacred ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/fact-check-pope-opening-five...

    A post shared on X claims that Pope Francis is opening up five “sacred portals” in a “ritual that has never been done before.” ... in 1933 Pope Pius XI chose to commemorate the 1900 ...

  7. Raid on the Roman Ghetto - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_the_Roman_Ghetto

    The Ghetto of Rome was established as a result of the papal bull Cum nimis absurdum, issued by Pope Paul IV on the 14th of July, 1555. By the time of the raid, it was almost 400 years old and consisted of four cramped blocks around the Portico d’Ottavia, wedged between the Theatre of Marcellus, the Fontana delle Tartarughe, Palazzo Cenci, and the river Tiber.

  8. Mortara case - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortara_case

    The Jews of the Papal States, numbering 15,000 or so in 1858, [5] were grateful to Pope Pius IX because he had ended the long-standing legal obligation for them to attend sermons in church four times a year, based on that week's Torah portion and aimed at their conversion to Christianity. [9]

  9. Roman Ghetto - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Ghetto

    The Roman Ghetto or Ghetto of Rome (Italian: Ghetto di Roma) was a Jewish ghetto established in 1555 by Pope Paul IV in the Rione Sant'Angelo, in Rome, Italy, in the area surrounded by present-day Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto, close to the River Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus.