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Obversion changes the quality (that is the affirmativity or negativity) of the statement and the predicate term. [10] For example, by obversion, a universal affirmative statement become a universal negative statement with the predicate term that is the class complement of the predicate term of the original universal affirmative statement.
a: All A is B. (affirmative) e: No A is B. (negative) i: Some A is B. (affirmative) o: Some A is not B. (negative) The rule states that a syllogism in which both premises are of form a or i (affirmative) cannot reach a conclusion of form e or o (negative). Exactly one of the premises must be negative to construct a valid syllogism with a ...
The term false discovery rate (FDR) was used by Colquhoun (2014) [4] to mean the probability that a "significant" result was a false positive. Later Colquhoun (2017) [2] used the term false positive risk (FPR) for the same quantity, to avoid confusion with the term FDR as used by people who work on multiple comparisons.
In traditional logic, obversion is a "type of immediate inference in which from a given proposition another proposition is inferred whose subject is the same as the original subject, whose predicate is the contradictory of the original predicate, and whose quality is affirmative if the original proposition's quality was negative and vice versa". [1]
affirmative proposition A proposition that asserts the truth of a statement, as opposed to negating it. [7] [8] [9] affirming the consequent A logical fallacy in which a conditional statement is incorrectly used to infer its converse. For example, from "If P then Q" and "Q", concluding "P". alethic modal logic
The affirmative, in an English example such as "the police chief here is a woman", declares a simple fact, in this case, it is a fact regarding the police chief and asserts that she is a woman. [5] In contrast, the negative, in an English example such as "the police chief here is not a man", is stated as an assumption for people to believe. [5]
A: The Universal Affirmative Example: "All metals are elements." E: The Universal Negative Example: "No metals are compound substances." I: The Particular Affirmative Example: "Some metals are brittle." O: The Particular Negative Example: "Some metals are not brittle." [8] Venn (1834–1923) comments on the remarkable prevalence of the Euler ...
Subalternation is a relation between the particular statement and the universal statement of the same quality (affirmative or negative) such that the particular is implied by the universal, while superalternation is a relation between them such that the falsity of the universal (equivalently the negation of the universal) is implied by the ...