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Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1] A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.
The ring current system consists of a band, at a distance of 3 to 8 R E, [1] which lies in the equatorial plane and circulates clockwise around the Earth (when viewed from the north). The particles of this region produce a magnetic field in opposition to the Earth's magnetic field and so an Earthly observer would observe a decrease in the ...
Tilke is one of four designers recognised by the FIA but has, with the exception of the Silverstone redesign in 2010, been the only one to be commissioned to design Formula One tracks. [1] One of his first minor tasks was to design and build a short access road at the Nürburgring , [ 1 ] earned due to contacts made by his racing efforts there.
The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source (ℓ=1) drops off as 1/r 2. The magnetic field, being a derivative of the potential, drops off as 1/r 3. Quadrupole terms drop off as 1/r 4, and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius. The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth.
The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of Saturn on the nightside. [17] Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an order of magnitude, and its magnetic moment is approximately 18,000 times ...
1 lap, 3 min 27.071 s 6.880 km (4.275 mi) 2021 Belgian Grand Prix (Race red-flagged due to heavy rain) [23] Fewest laps without a red flag: 12: 1971 German Grand Prix [24] Longest race (duration) 4 h 4 min 39.540 s: 2011 Canadian Grand Prix (Race stopped for 2 hours due to heavy rain) [25] Longest race without a red flag (duration) 3 h 57 min ...
By the title-deciding Qatar weekend in October there were eight people assigned to assess track limits and monitor 820 corner passes, with 141 reports sent to race control who then deleted 51 laps.
The two-stream instability is a very common instability in plasma physics. It can be induced by an energetic particle stream injected in a plasma, or setting a current along the plasma so different species (ions and electrons) can have different drift velocities.