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The epithermal vein deposit (EVP) is a type of mineral deposit that forms in the shallow subsurface, typically at depths of less than 1,500 meters below the Earth's surface. [1] These deposits are formed by hot, mineral-rich fluids that circulate through fractures and cracks in rocks.
A quartz vein, prominent from the surrounding weathered rock at Cape Jervis, South Australia. Open space filling is the hallmark of epithermal vein systems, such as a stockwork, in greisens or in certain skarn environments.
The largest veins occupy major, long-lived listric growth faults. The main veins extend as much as 2 km (1.2 mi) into the North Star Basalt beneath the base of the Dresser Formation and form swarms as much as 300 m (980 ft) wide. Typically, these veins are only 1 km (0.62 mi) deep and 2–10 m (6.6–32.8 ft) wide. [1] [10]
Hydrothermal vein ore deposits consist of discrete veins or groups of closely spaced veins. Veins are believed to be precipitated by hydrothermal solutions travelling along discontinuities in a rockmass. [10] They are commonly epithermal in origin, that is to say they form at relatively high crustal levels and moderate to low temperatures.
Quartz is generally the dominant mineral in the veins, but there are also gold bearing carbonate dominant veins in orogenic deposits. [15] Ore bodies of orogenic gold deposits are generally defined by ≤ 3–5% sulfide minerals, most commonly arsenopyrite in metasedimentary host rocks and pyrite /pyrrhotite in meta-igneous rocks, and ≤ 5 ...
Epithermal — mineral ore deposits formed at low temperatures (50–200 °C) near the Earth's surface (<1500 m), that fill veins, breccias, and stockworks. [2] Telethermal — mineral ore deposits formed at shallow depth and relatively low temperatures, with little or no wall-rock alteration, presumably far from the source of hydrothermal ...
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IOCG deposits typically occur at the margins of large igneous bodies which intrude into sedimentary strata. As such, IOCG deposits form pipe-like, mantle-like or extensive breccia-vein sheets within the host stratigraphy. Morphology is often not an important criterion of the ore body itself, and is determined by the host stratigraphy and ...