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  2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

    A Zener diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the Zener effect to affect electric current to flow against the normal direction from anode to cathode, when the voltage across its terminals exceeds a certain characteristic threshold, the Zener voltage.

  3. Flyback diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode

    Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductance L and a flyback diode D.The resistor R represents the resistance of the inductor's windings. A flyback diode is any diode connected across an inductor used to eliminate flyback, which is the sudden voltage spike seen across an inductive load when its supply current is suddenly reduced or interrupted.

  4. Linear regulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regulator

    Here, the load current I R2 is supplied by the transistor whose base is now connected to the Zener diode. Thus the transistor's base current (I B) forms the load current for the Zener diode and is much smaller than the current through R 2. This regulator is classified as "series" because the regulating element, viz., the transistor, appears in ...

  5. TL431 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL431

    Reference voltage vs free-air temperature at test conditions. Design-center (middle plot) and worst-case deviation of ±2% (upper and lower plots) [12] The nominal reference voltage, V REF =2.495 V, stated in a datasheet, is tested in zener mode at an ambient temperature of +25 °C (77 °F), and I CA =10 mA. [13]

  6. Line regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_regulation

    A low line regulation is always preferred. In practice, a well regulated power supply should have a line regulation of at most 0.1%. [1] In the regulator device datasheets the line regulation is expressed as percent change in output with respect to change in input per volt of the output. Mathematically it is expressed as:

  7. Zener effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

    In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...

  8. Diode modelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_modelling

    The Shockley diode equation relates the diode current of a p-n junction diode to the diode voltage .This relationship is the diode I-V characteristic: = (), where is the saturation current or scale current of the diode (the magnitude of the current that flows for negative in excess of a few , typically 10 −12 A).

  9. Load regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_regulation

    A voltmeter is then connected in parallel to the resistors and the measured values of voltage for each load state can be used to calculate the load regulation as given in the equation above. Programmable loads are typically used to automate the measurement of load regulation.

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