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Extensive as were the Japanese atrocities during the battle, American artillery and firepower were most responsible for the destruction of Manila's architectural and cultural heritage, [16] and, according to a Japanese estimate, caused 40 percent of the total Filipino deaths during the battle. [17]
Manila during the Japanese occupation. The Japanese occupation of the Philippines (Filipino: Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 日本のフィリピン占領, romanized: Nihon no Firipin Senryō) occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Japanese Empire occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
The Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (Patriotic Association of Filipinos), better known as the Makapili, was a militant group formed in the Philippines on December 8, 1944, during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Army. [1]
The destruction stemmed from the American decision to save lives in a battle against Japanese troops who had decided to sacrifice their lives as dearly as possible." [17] American artillery and military operations, according to one estimate, may have caused 40 percent of total non-combatant Filipino deaths during the battle. [18] [19]
The Ambassador of Japan to the Philippines (Filipino: Sugo ng Hapon sa Pilipinas; Japanese: 在フィリピン日本国大使, romanized: Zai Firipin Nippon Koku Taishi) is the head of the Japanese diplomatic mission in the Philippines and the official representative of the government of Japan to the government of the Philippines.
The Second Philippine Republic, officially the Republic of the Philippines [a] and also known as the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a Japanese-backed government established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation of the islands until its dissolution on August 17, 1945.
José Paciano Laurel y García [e] (March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the President of the Japanese-occupied Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state during World War II, from 1943 to 1945.
The attack on Pearl Harbor (called Hawaii Operation or Operation AI [17] [18] by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan and the Philippines).