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Ankylosaurus [nb 1] is a genus of armored dinosaur.Its fossils have been found in geological formations dating to the very end of the Cretaceous Period, about 68–66 million years ago, in western North America, making it among the last of the non-avian dinosaurs.
Talarurus was a medium sized ankylosaur, Thomas Holtz and Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 5–6 m (16–20 ft), Paul gave a weight of 2 t (2,000 kg), [9] however, Holtz estimated it around 454 to 907 kg (1,001 to 2,000 lb). [10]
This timeline of ankylosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the ankylosaurs, quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs who were protected by a covering bony plates and spikes and sometimes by a clubbed tail.
Ankylosauridae (/ ˌ æ ŋ k ɪ l oʊ ˈ s ɔː r ɪ d iː /) is a family of armored dinosaurs within Ankylosauria, and is the sister group to Nodosauridae.The oldest known ankylosaurids date to around 122 million years ago and went extinct 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. [1]
Gargoyleosaurus was a relatively small ankylosaur, reaching 3–3.5 m (9.8–11.5 ft) in length and 300–754 kg (661–1,662 lb) in body mass. [3] [4] [5] Much of the skull and skeleton has been recovered, and the taxon displays cranial sculpturing, including pronounced deltoid quadratojugal and squamosal bosses.
The largest known land-dwelling artiodactyl was Hippopotamus gorgops with a length of 4.3 m (14 ft), a height of 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in), and a weight of 5 t (11,000 lb), [63] with its closely related European descendant, Hippopotamus antiquus, rivaling it, estimated to be 14.1 ft (4.3 m) in length and 7,700–9,300 lb (3,500–4,200 kg) in weight.
This compares to the much larger North American Euoplocephalus, 6–7 m (20–23 ft) in body length, which had teeth averaging only 7.5 mm (0.30 in) across. [7] A fragment from the left dentary (lower jaw bone) preserving these teeth was recovered, which has a curved tooth row like other ankylosaurs'.
This definition was further refined by Paul Sereno in 2005 to specify Ankylosaurus magniventris and Stegosaurus stenops, the type species of both genera, a definition that was followed by Madzia and colleagues in 2021 when the group name and definition was formalized following the PhyloCode. [4]