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Indeed, World War II saw an even greater use of rationing, recycling, and anti-saboteur vigilance than was seen in World War I. As the threat of air raids or invasions in the United States seemed less likely during the war, the focus on the Civil Defense Corps, air raid drills, and patrols of the border declined but the other efforts continued.
Deadly force, also known as lethal force, is the use of force that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed.
Civil Defense literature, such as Survival Under Atomic Attack, was common during the Cold War Era. Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the Cold War civil defense effort was the educational effort made or promoted by the government. [16] In Duck and Cover, Bert the Turtle advocated that children "duck and cover" when they "see the flash."
[10] [11] Early attempts to protect civilians as a class were largely unsuccessful. World War II was also fought within the framework of the total war concept. [12] The Geneva Conventions of 1949 were the first significant protections for civilians in war. These protections were expanded by the Additional Protocols in 1977.
The dubious assumption that "only the cockroaches" would survive the post-war fallout environment was frequently used in an attempt to criticize Duck and Cover during the height of the Cold War, contextually at a time when discussion of a total war involved the much greater US-Soviet arsenal of nuclear weapons that were then in existence.
The predecessor to the FCDA, the Office of Civilian Defense was abolished in June 1945 with the end of World War II.In the period between the end of the World War and 1949, when the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic weapon, little was given to the topic of civil defense.
An Act to provide protection of persons and property from bombing attacks in the United States, and for other purposes: Nicknames: Civilian Defense Protection Act of 1942: Enacted by: the 77th United States Congress: Effective: January 27, 1942: Citations; Public law: Pub. L. 77–415: Statutes at Large: 56 Stat. 19, Chap. 20: Legislative history
The Fourth Geneva Convention only concerns protected civilians in occupied territory rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the strategic bombing during World War II. [4] The 1977 Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions (AP-1) prohibits all intentional attacks on "the civilian population and civilian objects."