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Norman Garmezy (June 18, 1918 – November 21, 2009) was a professor of psychology who is known for his work in developmental psychopathology. [1] After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa in 1950, Garmezy held appointments at Duke University (1950–1961) and the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota (1961–1989). [1]
Emmy E. Werner (1929 – October 12, 2017) [1] was an American developmental psychologist known for her research on risk and resilience in children. Early life [ edit ]
Ann S. Masten (born January 27, 1951) is a professor at the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota known for her research on the development of resilience and for advancing theory on the positive outcomes of children and families facing adversity. [1]
Psychological resilience, or mental resilience, is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. [1]The term was popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by psychologist Emmy Werner as she conducted a forty-year-long study of a cohort of Hawaiian children who came from low socioeconomic status backgrounds.
The most frequently used are the Personal Views Survey, [37] the Dispositional Resilience Scale, [38] and the Cognitive Hardiness Scale. [39] Other scales based on hardiness theory have been designed to measure hardiness in specific contexts and in special populations, for example parental grief and among the chronically ill.
Throughout his research, C. S. Holling blended systems theory and ecology with simulation modeling and policy analysis to develop integrative theories of change that have practical utility. He has introduced important ideas in the application of ecology and evolution, including resilience, adaptive management, the adaptive cycle, and panarchy.
Therefore, resilience is enhanced by protecting against factors that might undermine a child's inborn resilience. [45] Studies suggest that resiliency can be enhanced by providing children who have been exposed to trauma with environments in which they feel safe and are able to securely attach to a healthy adult. [ 55 ]
Since theory leads scientific inquiry, and scientific findings add to theory, DMM assessments contributed to more detailed theory. Maturational and changeable: DMM-attachment recognizes that humans are able to utilize more and more sophisticated self-protective attachment strategies as they age. Hence, attachment patterns can become ...