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Intel 5-level paging, referred to simply as 5-level paging in Intel documents, is a processor extension for the x86-64 line of processors. [ 1 ] : 11 It extends the size of virtual addresses from 48 bits to 57 bits by adding an additional level to x86-64's multilevel page tables , increasing the addressable virtual memory from 256 TiB to 128 PiB .
For some processors, a mode can be enabled with a fifth table, the 512-entry page-map level 5 table; this means that 57 bits of virtual page number are translated, giving a virtual address space of up to 128 PB. [10]: 141–153 In the page table entries, in the original specification, 40 bits of physical page number are implemented.
It is also helpful to use large pages in the host page tables to reduce the number of levels (e.g., in x86-64, using 2 MB pages removes one level in the page table). Since memory is typically allocated to virtual machines at coarse granularity, using large pages for guest-physical translation is an obvious optimization, reducing the depth of ...
In computing, protected mode, also called protected virtual address mode, [1] is an operational mode of x86-compatible central processing units (CPUs). It allows system software to use features such as segmentation, virtual memory, paging and safe multi-tasking designed to increase an operating system's control over application software.
The NDIS is a library of functions often referred to as a "wrapper" that hides the underlying complexity of the NIC hardware and serves as a standard interface for level 3 network protocol drivers and hardware level MAC drivers.
See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual. 23: CET: Control-flow Enforcement Technology: If set, enables control-flow enforcement technology. [16]: 2–19 24: PKS: Enable Protection Keys for Supervisor-Mode Pages: If set, each supervisor-mode linear address is associated with a protection key when 4-level or 5-level ...
The Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) 10.x is used for network devices by the Windows 10 operating system. Network device drivers for Windows XP use NDIS 5.x and may work with subsequent Windows operating systems, but for performance reasons network device drivers should implement NDIS 6.0 or higher. [8]
Although the changes from non-PAE to PAE appear superficially analagous to the changes from 4- to 5-level paging, PAE was about widening the PTE format to support more bits of physical address (while keeping the virtual address width the same), while 5-level paging increases the implemented number of bits in virtual addresses and does not ...