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Because tin is used in solder, it is crucial to computers, smartphones, and all other electronic equipment. (For example, the Apple iPad uses 1–3 grams of tin in its 7000 solder points.) According to Apple Inc., tin is the most common metal used by that company's suppliers. [9]
Its use began in the Middle East and the Balkans around 3000 BC. Tin is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, with about two parts per million (ppm), compared to iron with 50,000 ppm, copper with 70 ppm, lead with 16 ppm, arsenic with 5 ppm, silver with 0.1 ppm, and gold with 0.005 ppm. [1]
World consumption of refined tin by end-use, 2006. In 2018, just under half of all tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze alloys, and niche uses. [75]
Tin production (tonnes) by country ; Country (or area) Production World 310,000 China * 85,000 Indonesia * 80,000 Myanmar * 54,000 Peru * 18,500 Bolivia 17,000
The can saw very little change since then, although better technology brought 20% reduction in the use of steel, and 50% - in the use of tin [7] (the modern cans are 99.5% steel). [9] Canned food in tin cans was already quite popular in various countries when technological advancements in the 1920s lowered the cost of the cans even further.
Asian pewter, produced mostly in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, contains a higher percentage of tin, usually 97.5% tin, 1% copper, and 1.5% antimony. This makes the alloy slightly softer. [5] The term Mexican pewter is used for any of various alloys of aluminium that are used for decorative items. [12] [13] [14]
Consequently, at the temperatures needed to reduce zinc oxide to the metal, the metal is already gaseous. [23] [24] Arsenic sublimes at 615 °C (1137 °F), passing directly from the solid state to the gaseous state. [21] Antimony melts at 631 °C (1167 °F) [21] Platinum melts at 1768 °C (3215 °F), even higher than iron. [21]
Production in Britain increased in the 3rd century, for use in coinage, and there was extensive use of tin in pewter manufacture, at Camerton in Somerset for example. Cornwall and West Devon were less Romanised than many other parts of Britain, and tin mining may have been in local hands, with tin purchased by the imperial authority.