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The International Code of Medical Ethics [1] was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at London in 1949, and amended in 1968, 1983, and 2006. It is a code based on the Declaration of Geneva and the main goal is to establish the ethical principles of the physicians worldwide, based on his duties in general, to his patients and to his colleagues.
[citation needed] The 68th WMA General Assembly in October 2017 approved revisions including: respecting the autonomy of the patient; mutual respect for teachers, colleagues and students physicians to share medical knowledge for the benefit of their patients and the advancement of healthcare; a requirement for physicians to attend to their own ...
Medical Code of Ethics is a document that establishes the ethical rules of behaviour of all healthcare professionals, such as registered medical practitioners, physicians, dental practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, defining the priorities of their professional work, showing the principles in the relations with patients, other physicians and the rest of community.
None of the patients were told about the experiment, nor did the doctors ask for their consent. See Eileen Welsome's book The Plutonium Files. [10] Doctors' Trial: United States 1946 German medical doctors went on criminal trial for Nazi human experimentation. See The Years of Extermination. Guatemala syphilis experiments: U.S./ Guatemala 1946–48
Most codes of medical ethics now require respect for the human rights of the patient. The Council of Europe promotes the rule of law and observance of human rights in Europe . The Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1997) to create a uniform code of medical ethics for its 47 member-states.
The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). [1] It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The World Medical Association (WMA) is an international and independent confederation of free professional medical associations representing physicians worldwide. WMA was formally established on September 17, 1947 [1] and has grown to 115 national medical associations, as of 2025, with 2494 Associate Members, including Junior Doctors and medical students.
The UN Principles of Medical Ethics is a code of medical ethics relating to the "roles of health personnel in the protection of persons against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", adopted by the United Nations on 18 December 1982 at the 111th plenary meeting of the United Nations General Assembly.