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Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), also/originally known as gc-globulin (group-specific component), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GC gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] DBP is genetically the oldest member of the albuminoid family and appeared early in the evolution of vertebrates.
Vitamin D response element (VDRE) is a type of DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin D regulated genes. This sequence binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR), when complexed with calcitriol (1,25(OH) 2 D), the active form of vitamin D, and so regulates the expression of many genes.
Calcifediol binds in the blood to vitamin D-binding protein (also known as gc-globulin) and is the main circulating vitamin D metabolite. [4] [5] Calcifediol has an elimination half-life of around 15 to 30 days. [4] [9] Calcifediol is further hydroxylated at the 1-alpha-position in the kidneys to form 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3, calcitriol.
Vitamin D is produced in the keratinocytes of two innermost strata of the epidermis, the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, which also are able to produce calcitriol and express the vitamin D receptor. [166] Vitamin D 3 is produced photochemically from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of most vertebrate animals, including humans. [167]
CYP2R1 is cytochrome P450 2R1, an enzyme which is the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. [5] [6] In humans it is encoded by the CYP2R1 gene located on chromosome 11p15.2. [7]It is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver, where it performs the first step in the activation of vitamin D by catalyzing the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [8]
Transcription of the CYP24A1 gene is markedly inducible by 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 binding to the vitamin D receptor. [6] The gene has a strong, positive vitamin D response element in the promoter . Through regulation of CYP24A1 expression, a negative feedback control system is created to limit the effects of 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 .
IGF binding protein, carries insulin-like growth factor 1; Major urinary proteins, carries pheromones in rodents; Retinol binding protein, carries retinol; Sex hormone-binding globulin, carries sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol; Thyroxine-binding globulin, carries the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3 ...
The major protein in whey is β-lactoglobulin, followed by α-lactalbumin (β-lactoglobulin ≈ 65%, α-lactalbumin ≈ 25%, serum albumin ≈ 8%, other ≈ 2%). β-lactoglobulin is a lipocalin protein, and can bind many hydrophobic molecules, suggesting a role in their transport. β-lactoglobulin has also been shown to be able to bind iron via siderophores [7 ...