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Nutriepigenomics is the study of food nutrients and their effects on human health through epigenetic modifications. There is now considerable evidence that nutritional imbalances during gestation and lactation are linked to non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.
The first 1,000 days of the human microbiome starting from time of conception until 2 years old is a critical time period for growth and development, including nutrients and microbiota. Proper nutrition is an essential to support healthy life; lack of nutrition may have a lifelong negative impact to the child's development. [3]
[10]: 10–14 The caloric content of breastmilk is reflective of the caloric requirements of the infant, increasing steadily after 12 months. [10]: 10–14 The caloric content of breastmilk in the first 12 months of breastfeeding is approximated to be 58-72 Calories/100mL. Comparatively, the caloric content after 48 months is approximately 83 ...
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization currently recommend feeding infants only breast milk for the first six months of life. [3] If the baby is being fed infant formula, the formula must be iron-enriched. An infant that receives exclusively breast milk for the first six months rarely needs additional ...
Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants . This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrients for optimal growth and health ...
Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant's development. The foundations of optimum health, growth, and neurodevelopment across the lifespan are established in the first 1,000 days of life. [12] From birth to six months, infants should consume only breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute.
Maternal nutrition is crucial during pregnancy and the child's first 1,000 days of life, encompassing the period from conception to the second birthday. During the first six months, infants rely exclusively on breast milk, which remains nutritionally sufficient despite maternal nutritional challenges. [162]
Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken before, during and after pregnancy. Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception (probably several months before) as well as throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding.