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Format is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the print format string.It provides more functionality than print, allowing the user to output numbers in various formats (including, for instance: hex, binary, octal, roman numerals, and English), apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures ...
Hexadecimal (also known as base-16 or simply hex) is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of sixteen. Unlike the decimal system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent values from ten to fifteen.
A binary-to-text encoding is encoding of data in plain text. More precisely, it is an encoding of binary data in a sequence of printable characters . These encodings are necessary for transmission of data when the communication channel does not allow binary data (such as email or NNTP ) or is not 8-bit clean .
Each of these number systems is a positional system, but while decimal weights are powers of 10, the octal weights are powers of 8 and the hexadecimal weights are powers of 16. To convert from hexadecimal or octal to decimal, for each digit one multiplies the value of the digit by the value of its position and then adds the results. For example:
Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or Magic Bytes. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be recognizable when interpreted as text.
Here we can show how to convert a base-10 real number into an IEEE 754 binary32 format using the following outline: Consider a real number with an integer and a fraction part such as 12.375; Convert and normalize the integer part into binary; Convert the fraction part using the following technique as shown here
For example, the hexadecimal representation of the 24 bits above is 4D616E. The octal representation is 23260556. Those 8 octal digits can be split into pairs (23 26 05 56), and each pair is converted to decimal to yield 19 22 05 46. Using those four decimal numbers as indices for the Base64 alphabet, the corresponding ASCII characters are TWFu.
Intel HEX consists of lines of ASCII text that are separated by line feed or carriage return characters or both. Each text line contains uppercase hexadecimal characters that encode multiple binary numbers. The binary numbers may represent data, memory addresses, or other values, depending on their position in the line and the type and length ...