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  2. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    In a laboratory setting, mixture of dissolved materials are typically fed using a solvent into a column packed with an appropriate adsorbent, and due to different affinities for solvent (moving phase) versus adsorbent (stationary phase) the components in the original mixture pass through the column in the moving phase at different rates, which ...

  3. Work-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-up

    A concentrated solution of sodium bicarbonate is added to the reaction mixture. This will promote the migration of impurities and byproducts to the aqueous layer and leave the product in the dichloromethane (organic layer). The aqueous and organic layers are allowed to separate. This process is typically performed in a separatory funnel.

  4. Organic chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry

    Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within ... organic was synthesized in the laboratory without biological (organic) starting materials. ... of techniques have also ...

  5. Extraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)

    Laboratory-scale liquid-liquid extraction. Photograph of a separatory funnel in a laboratory scale extraction of 2 immiscible liquids: liquids are a diethyl ether upper phase, and a lower aqueous phase. Soxhlet extractor. Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution ...

  6. Instrumental chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry

    Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself. Examples of hyphenated techniques: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)

  7. Vacuum distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation

    Laboratory-scale applications ... This technique is amply illustrated in Organic Synthesis. [5] [6] Rotary evaporation. Rotary evaporation [7] is a common technique ...

  8. Elemental analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_analysis

    In present-day organic chemistry, spectroscopic techniques (NMR, both 1 H and 13 C), mass spectrometry and chromatographic procedures have replaced EA as the primary technique for structural determination. However, it still gives very useful complementary information.

  9. Soxhlet extractor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor

    A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus [1] invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. [2] It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for ...

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