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  2. Proto-Cubism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Cubism

    Paul Cézanne, 1888, Mardi gras (Pierot and Harlequin), oil on canvas, 102 cm × 81 cm (40 in × 32 in), Pushkin Museum, Moscow. Several predominant factors mobilized the shift from a more representational art form to one that would become increasingly abstract; one of the most important would be found directly within the works of Paul Cézanne and exemplified in a widely discussed letter ...

  3. Democracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy

    The number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy [needs update] 20th-century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive " waves of democracy ", variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonisation , and religious and economic circumstances. [ 125 ]

  4. History of philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy

    A key innovation of Presocratic philosophy was its attempt to provide rational explanations for the cosmos as a whole. This approach contrasted with the prevailing Greek mythology , which offered theological interpretations—such as the myth of Uranus and Gaia —to emphasize the roles of gods and goddesses who continued to be worshipped even ...

  5. Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

    In E. coli, for example, oxidative phosphorylation can be driven by a large number of pairs of reducing agents and oxidizing agents, which are listed below. The midpoint potential of a chemical measures how much energy is released when it is oxidized or reduced, with reducing agents having negative potentials and oxidizing agents positive ...

  6. Heliocentrism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism

    Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism, arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable, which he illustrates by the new-fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos. [149] Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans (1541–1613), who worked with Brahe and Kepler.

  7. The New York Times - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times

    Sulzberger's son-in-law Arthur Ochs became publisher in 1963, adapting to a changing newspaper industry and introducing radical changes. The New York Times was involved in the landmark 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which restricted the ability of public officials to sue the media for defamation.

  8. Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the...

    The economic history of the United States spans the colonial era through the 21st century. The initial settlements depended on agriculture and hunting/trapping, later adding international trade, manufacturing, and finally, services, to the point where agriculture represented less than 2% of GDP.