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C a = the oxygen concentration of arterial blood (oxygenated blood) C v = the oxygen concentration of venous blood (deoxygenated blood) The usual unit for a-vO 2 diff is millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood (mL/100 mL), [1] however, particularly in medical uses, other units may be used, such as micro moles per millilitre (μmol/mL ...
Absence of the portal system in a first trimester case associated with hygroma and aorto-umbilical fistula. (A): Transverse plane of the upper abdomen with color Doppler applied, showing umbilical cord insertion, stomach, the prominent hepatic artery and no afferent liver venous perfusion; (B): midsagittal plane reconstructed from a three-dimensional volume acquisition were the crown-rump ...
Unlike arterial ultrasonography, venous ultrasonography is carried out with the probe in a transversal position, (perpendicular to the vein axis), displaying cross-sections of the veins. [4] All collateral veins are better detected this way, including perforator veins, but of most importance is the detection of venous thrombosis.
The use of Doppler measurements which trace the echoes of the generated soundwaves received by the probe, enable the direction and the velocity of the blood flow, to be depicted. The overlay of color onto the Doppler information lets these images be seen more clearly. [8] The choice of a probe will depend on the depth needed to be studied.
They are roughly grouped as "arterial" and "venous", determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen ...
Lower limb venography is indicated in deep vein thrombosis, oedema with unknown cause, and congenital abnormality of the venous system. Less frequently it is used to demonstrate the incompetent valves of perforating veins. Doppler ultrasound is preferable rather than venography to access the competence of the veins.
For example, in 1932, Lopo de Carvalho performed the first pulmonary angiogram via venous puncture of the superior member. In 1948 the first cavogram was performed by Sousa Pereira . With the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vascular ...
Neurogenic, venous, arterial [1] Causes: Compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet), the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit [1] Risk factors: Trauma, repetitive arm movements, tumors, pregnancy, cervical rib [1] Diagnostic method: Nerve conduction studies, medical imaging [1 ...
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