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An electromagnetic wave such as light consists of a coupled oscillating electric field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular to each other. Different states of polarization correspond to different relationships between polarization and the direction of propagation. In linear polarization, the fields
The Faraday effect or Faraday rotation, sometimes referred to as the magneto-optic Faraday effect (MOFE), [1] is a physical magneto-optical phenomenon. The Faraday effect causes a polarization rotation which is proportional to the projection of the magnetic field along the direction of the light propagation.
The magnetization field or M-field can be defined according to the following equation: =. Where is the elementary magnetic moment and is the volume element; in other words, the M-field is the distribution of magnetic moments in the region or manifold concerned.
Circular polarization is often encountered in the field of optics and, in this section, the electromagnetic wave will be simply referred to as light. The nature of circular polarization and its relationship to other polarizations is often understood by thinking of the electric field as being divided into two components that are perpendicular to ...
It can be compared to magnetization, which is the measure of the corresponding response of a material to a magnetic field in magnetism. Similar to ferromagnets, which have a non-zero permanent magnetization even if no external magnetic field is applied, ferroelectric materials have a non-zero polarization in the absence of external electric field.
This polarization effect is a powerful tool for astronomers to detect and measure stellar magnetic fields. The Zeeman effect ( Dutch: [ˈzeːmɑn] ) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field .
Linear polarization in spectral lines is usually created by anisotropic scattering of photons on atoms and ions which can themselves be polarized by this interaction. The linearly polarized spectrum of the Sun is often called the second solar spectrum. Atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the Hanle effect.
A magneto-optic effect is any one of a number of phenomena in which an electromagnetic wave propagates through a medium that has been altered by the presence of a quasistatic magnetic field. In such a medium, which is also called gyrotropic or gyromagnetic , left- and right-rotating elliptical polarizations can propagate at different speeds ...