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However, He's human experiments raised ethical concerns the effect are unknown on future generations. [112] Ethical concerns have been raised relative to the four ethical criteria of autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence, [114] [113] first postulated by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in Principles of Biomedical Ethics. [115]
Human germline engineering (HGE) is the process by which the genome of an individual is modified in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved by altering the genes of the germ cells, which mature into eggs and sperm. For safety, ethical, and social reasons, the scientific community and the public have concluded that germline ...
The first genetically modified animal was a mouse created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch. In 1976, the technology was commercialised, with the advent of genetically modified bacteria that produced somatostatin, followed by insulin in 1978. In 1983, an antibiotic resistant gene was inserted into tobacco, leading to the first genetically engineered ...
His story is narrated in the 2020 book The Mutant Project: Inside the Global Race to Genetically Modify Humans, written by Eben Kirksey, an anthropologist at the University of Oxford. [106] [107] A documentary book CRISPR People: The Science and Ethics of Editing Humans, written by Henry Greely, was published in 2021. [108] [109]
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Scientists think genetically-modified animals could one day be the solution to an organ supply shortage that causes thousands of people in the U.S. to die every year waiting for a transplant.
The first law of behavioral genetics was established in 1978 after a review of thirty twin studies revealed that the average heritability estimate for intelligence was 46%. [78] Behavior may also be modified by genetic intervention. [79] Some people may be aggressive, selfish, and may not be able to function well in society.
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