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  2. Automatic summarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_summarization

    Abstractive summarization methods generate new text that did not exist in the original text. [12] This has been applied mainly for text. Abstractive methods build an internal semantic representation of the original content (often called a language model), and then use this representation to create a summary that is closer to what a human might express.

  3. T5 (language model) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T5_(language_model)

    T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like the original Transformer model, [ 3 ] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers , where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.

  4. Seq2seq - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq2seq

    The model outperforms the much larger GPT-3 in language translation and summarization. Training mixes denoising (appropriately inserting missing text in strings) and causal-language-modeling (meaningfully extending an input text). It allows adding features across different languages without massive training workflows.

  5. Large language model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model

    A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation.As language models, LLMs acquire these abilities by learning statistical relationships from vast amounts of text during a self-supervised and semi-supervised training process.

  6. Transformer (deep learning architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning...

    For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...

  7. IBM Watsonx - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watsonx

    [11] [12] These models come pre-trained and are designed to excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, encompassing question answering, content generation, summarization, text classification, and data extraction. The platform allows fine-tuning with its Tuning Studio, allowing those models to learn the data provided by ...

  8. BERT (language model) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)

    Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word ...

  9. ROUGE (metric) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROUGE_(metric)

    ROUGE, or Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation, [1] is a set of metrics and a software package used for evaluating automatic summarization and machine translation software in natural language processing. The metrics compare an automatically produced summary or translation against a reference or a set of references (human-produced ...

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