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As channel length decreases, the barrier φ B to be surmounted by an electron from the source on its way to the drain reduces. Drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) is a short-channel effect in MOSFETs referring originally to a reduction of threshold voltage of the transistor at higher drain voltages.
To combat drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), MOSFET substrate near source and drain region are heavily doped (p+ in case of NMOS and n+ in case of PMOS) to reduce the width of the depletion region in the vicinity of source/substrate and drain/substrate junctions (called halo doping to describe the limitation of this heavy doping to the ...
Water to be filtered is then applied to the filter surface until the filter clogs and the backwash cycle needs to be repeated. [3]: 264–8 [4]: 10.53–10.58 [5]: 937–9 [6]: 8.11–8.18 [7]: 353–6 Some water treatment filters use surface wash systems that break up the heavily clogged, granular media surface layer.
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...
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In situ water treatment is commonly used in the mining industry for a number of applications including the treatment of acid mine drainage and turbidity. In situ treatment of turbidity is often used for controlling turbidity in stormwater collection ponds at coal mine sites and coal loading facilities especially in Australia and Indonesia.
The reduction of blowdown by dealkalization keeps the water treatment chemicals in the boiler longer, thus minimizing the amount of chemicals required for efficient, noncorrosive operation. [2] Carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities are decomposed by heat in boiler water releasing carbon dioxide into the steam.
Induced gas flotation (IGF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewater (or other waters) by removing suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by injecting gas bubbles into the water or wastewater in a flotation tank or basin.