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The Jin dynasty Daoist scholar Ge Hong's c. 320 CE Baopuzi (Master Who Embraces Simplicity) is the earliest surviving source of information about zhi excrescences.. Based upon no longer extant texts and illustrations, Chapter 11 (仙藥; Xianyao; "Medicines of Immortality") outlines folklore and knowledge about zhi, and elucidates the wuzhi (五芝; "Five Zhi") classification system.
Lye – potash in a water solution, formed by leaching wood ashes. Potash – potassium carbonate, formed by evaporating lye; also called salt of tartar. K 2 CO 3; Pearlash – formed by baking potash in a kiln. Milk of sulfur (lac sulphuris) – formed by adding an acid to thion hudor (lime sulfur). Natron/soda ash/soda – sodium carbonate ...
The Xingming guizhi (性命圭旨, Principles of Inner Nature and Vital Force) is a comprehensive Ming dynasty (1368-1644) text on neidan ("internal alchemy") self-cultivation techniques, which syncretistically quotes sources from the Three teachings of Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism (particularly the Yogachara school), and is richly illustrated with over fifty illustrations that later ...
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Chinese woodblock illustration of a waidan alchemical refining furnace, 1856 Waike tushuo 外科圖説 (Illustrated Manual of External Medicine). Waidan, translated as 'external alchemy' or 'external elixir', is the early branch of Chinese alchemy that focuses upon compounding elixirs of immortality by heating minerals, metals, and other natural substances in a luted crucible.
Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists.
The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine (German: Ein kurtz summarischer Tractat, von dem grossen Stein der Uralten lit. 'A Short Summary Tract: Of the Great Stone of the Ancients') is a widely reproduced alchemical book attributed to Basil Valentine.
Alchemy was a series of practices that combined philosophical, magical, and chemical experimentation. One goal of European alchemists was to create what was known as the Philosopher’s Stone , a substance that when heated and combined with a non precious metal like copper or iron (known as the “base”) would turn into gold.