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  2. Conserved signature indels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels

    Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. [1] [2] CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability.

  3. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Similarly, the muons and their neutrinos are assigned a muon number of +1 and the tau leptons are assigned a tau lepton number of +1. The Standard Model predicts that each of these three numbers should be conserved separately in a manner similar to the way baryon number is conserved. These numbers are collectively known as lepton family numbers ...

  4. Conservation law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law

    In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of mass-energy, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of electric charge.

  5. List of common physics notations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_physics...

    Meaning SI unit of measure alpha: alpha particle: angular acceleration: radian per second squared (rad/s 2) fine-structure constant: unitless beta: velocity in terms of the speed of light c: unitless beta particle: gamma: Lorentz factor: unitless photon: gamma ray: shear strain: radian

  6. Conserved quantity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_quantity

    A conserved quantity is a property or value that remains constant over time in a system even when changes occur in the system. In mathematics , a conserved quantity of a dynamical system is formally defined as a function of the dependent variables , the value of which remains constant along each trajectory of the system.

  7. Noether's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether's_theorem

    That is (˙) = (˙) (), meaning the quantity (/ ˙) is conserved, which is the conclusion of Noether's theorem. For instance if pure translations of q {\displaystyle q} by a constant are the symmetry, then the conserved quantity becomes just ( ∂ L / ∂ q ˙ ) = p {\displaystyle \left(\partial L/\partial {\dot {q}}\right)=p} , the canonical ...

  8. Flavour (particle physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)

    Absolutely conserved quantum numbers in the Standard Model are: electric charge (Q) weak isospin (T 3) baryon number (B) lepton number (L) In some theories, such as the grand unified theory, the individual baryon and lepton number conservation can be violated, if the difference between them (B − L) is conserved (see Chiral anomaly).

  9. Operator (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_(physics)

    If either L or H is independent of a generalized coordinate q, meaning the L and H do not change when q is changed, which in turn means the dynamics of the particle are still the same even when q changes, the corresponding momenta conjugate to those coordinates will be conserved (this is part of Noether's theorem, and the invariance of motion ...