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  2. Methanol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol

    Methanol and its vapours are flammable. Moderately toxic for small animals – Highly toxic to large animals and humans (in high concentrations) – May be fatal/lethal or cause blindness and damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart if swallowed – Toxicity effects from repeated over exposure have an accumulative effect on the central nervous system, especially the optic nerve – Symptoms may ...

  3. Reformed methanol fuel cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_methanol_fuel_cell

    The fuel cartridge stores the methanol fuel. Depending on the system design either 100% methanol (IMPCA industrial standard) or a mixture of methanol with up to 40 vol% water is usually used as fuel for the RMFC system. 100% methanol results in lower fuel consumption than water-methanol mixture (Premix) but goes along with higher fuel cell system complexity for condensing of cathode moisture.

  4. Methanol reformer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_reformer

    A mixture of water and methanol with a molar concentration ratio (water:methanol) of 1.0 - 1.5 is pressurized to approximately 20 bar, vaporized and heated to a temperature of 250 - 360 °C. The hydrogen that is created is separated through the use of Pressure swing adsorption or a hydrogen-permeable membrane made of polymer or a palladium alloy.

  5. Direct methanol fuel cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_methanol_fuel_cell

    In contrast to indirect methanol fuel cells, where methanol is reacted to hydrogen by steam reforming, DMFCs use a methanol solution (usually around 1M, i.e. about 3% in mass) to carry the reactant into the cell; common operating temperatures are in the range 50 to 120 °C (122 to 248 °F), where high temperatures are usually pressurized.

  6. Schlenk line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlenk_line

    The main dangers associated with the use of a Schlenk line are the risks of an implosion or explosion. An implosion can occur due to the use of vacuum and flaws in the glass apparatus. An explosion can occur due to the common use of liquid nitrogen in the cold trap, used to protect the vacuum pump from

  7. Extraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)

    Common extractants may be arranged in increasing order of polarity according to the Hildebrand solubility parameter: ethyl acetate < acetone < ethanol < methanol < acetone:water (7:3) < ethanol:water (8:2) < methanol:water (8:2) < water. Solid-liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors. A solid sample containing the ...

  8. Methane functionalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_functionalization

    Its ideal use would be as a raw starting material for methanol or acetic acid synthesis, with plants built at the source to eliminate the issue of transportation. [1] Methanol, in particular, would be of great use as a potential fuel source, and many efforts have been applied to researching the feasibilities of a methanol economy .

  9. Azeotropic distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation

    In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new, lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous (e.g. producing two, immiscible liquid phases), such as the example below with the addition of benzene to water and ethanol. Common Equipment used in Azeotropic ...