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In fruit trees, bees are an essential part of the pollination process for the formation of fruit. [2] Pollination of fruit trees around the world has been highly studied for hundreds of years. [1] Much is known about fruit tree pollination in temperate climates, but much less is known about fruit tree pollination in tropical climates. [1]
Cross-pollination, also called allogamy, occurs when pollen is delivered from the stamen of one flower to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species. [8] Plants adapted for cross-pollination have several mechanisms to prevent self-pollination; the reproductive organs may be arranged in such a way that self-fertilisation is ...
The set of pollinia, caudiculae and retinaculae is called pollinarium, which is the transport unit of the pollen during pollination. The anthers are longitudinally dehiscent and their connective is often modified into an operculum that covers the anther until pollination .
Fruit tree propagation is frequently performed by budding or grafting desirable cultivars , onto rootstocks that are also clones, propagated by stooling. In horticulture, a cutting is a branch that has been cut off from a mother plant below an internode and then rooted, often with the help of a rooting liquid or powder containing hormones .
Pollen itself is not the male gamete. [4] It is a gametophyte, something that could be considered an entire organism, which then produces the male gamete.Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell.
Early seed plants like ferns have spores and motile sperm that swim in a water medium, called zooidogamy. [18] The angiosperm pollen tube is simple, unbranched, and fast growing, however this is not the case for ancestral plants. In gymnosperms like Ginkgo biloba and cycadophyta, a haustorial pollen tube forms. The tube simply soaks up ...
Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. [29] Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which ...
The term "autogamy" is sometimes substituted for autogamous pollination (not necessarily leading to successful fertilization) and describes self-pollination within the same flower, distinguished from geitonogamous pollination, transfer of pollen to a different flower on the same flowering plant, [17] or within a single monoecious gymnosperm plant.