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High-cardinality refers to columns with values that are very uncommon or unique. High-cardinality column values are typically identification numbers, email addresses, or user names. An example of a data table column with high-cardinality would be a USERS table with a column named USER_ID. This column would contain unique values of 1-n. Each ...
All the candidate keys of a relation can uniquely identify the records of the relation, but only one of them is used as the primary key of the relation. The remaining candidate keys are called unique keys because they can uniquely identify a record in a relation. Unique keys can consist of multiple columns. Unique keys are also called alternate ...
An identity column differs from a primary key in that its values are managed by the server and usually cannot be modified. In many cases an identity column is used as a primary key; however, this is not always the case. It is a common misconception that an identity column will enforce uniqueness; however, this is not the case. If you want to ...
For example, {Monarch Name, Royal House} cannot be a superkey because for the same attribute values (Edward, Plantagenet), there are two distinct tuples: (Edward, II, Plantagenet) (Edward, III, Plantagenet) Finally, after elimination, the remaining sets of attributes are the only possible superkeys in this example:
One exception is the handling of unquoted identifiers like table or column names. In PostgreSQL they are folded, internally, to lower case characters [ 80 ] whereas the standard says that unquoted identifiers should be folded to upper case.
These mistakes are usually the result of confusion between Null and either 0 (zero) or an empty string (a string value with a length of zero, represented in SQL as ''). Null is defined by the SQL standard as different from both an empty string and the numerical value 0, however. While Null indicates the absence of any value, the empty string ...
The empty string is the unique string over Σ of length 0, and is denoted ε or λ. [25] [26] The set of all strings over Σ of length n is denoted Σ n. For example, if Σ = {0, 1}, then Σ 2 = {00, 01, 10, 11}. We have Σ 0 = {ε} for every alphabet Σ. The set of all strings over Σ of any length is the Kleene closure of Σ and is denoted Σ *.
A query string is a part of a uniform resource locator that assigns values to specified parameters.A query string commonly includes fields added to a base URL by a Web browser or other client application, for example as part of an HTML document, choosing the appearance of a page, or jumping to positions in multimedia content.