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  2. Thomson problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_problem

    The Thomson problem also plays a role in the study of other physical models including multi-electron bubbles and the surface ordering of liquid metal drops confined in Paul traps. The generalized Thomson problem arises, for example, in determining arrangements of protein subunits that comprise the shells of spherical viruses. The "particles" in ...

  3. Circle packing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_packing

    The Thomson problem deals with the lowest energy distribution of identical electric charges on the surface of a sphere. The Tammes problem is a generalisation of this, dealing with maximising the minimum distance between circles on sphere. This is analogous to distributing non-point charges on a sphere.

  4. Milne-Thomson method for finding a holomorphic function

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne-Thomson_method_for...

    In mathematics, the Milne-Thomson method is a method for finding a holomorphic function whose real or imaginary part is given. [1] It is named after Louis Melville Milne-Thomson . Introduction

  5. Geometric group theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_group_theory

    Geometric group theory grew out of combinatorial group theory that largely studied properties of discrete groups via analyzing group presentations, which describe groups as quotients of free groups; this field was first systematically studied by Walther von Dyck, student of Felix Klein, in the early 1880s, [2] while an early form is found in the 1856 icosian calculus of William Rowan Hamilton ...

  6. Equilateral triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral_triangle

    In the Thomson problem, concerning the minimum-energy configuration of charged particles on a sphere, and for the Tammes problem of constructing a spherical code maximizing the smallest distance among the points, the best solution known for = places the points at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, inscribed in the sphere. This ...

  7. Richard Schwartz (mathematician) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Schwartz...

    A solution of the 5-electron case of J. J. Thomson's 1904 problem: The triangular bipyramid is the configuration of 5 electrons on the sphere that minimizes the Coulomb potential. The introduction of the pentagram map and a later proof (with Sergei Tabachnikov and Valentin Ovsienko) of its complete integrability .

  8. Regular icosahedron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_icosahedron

    In the Thomson problem, concerning the minimum-energy configuration of charged particles on a sphere, and for the Tammes problem of constructing a spherical code maximizing the smallest distance among the points, the minimum solution known for = places the points at the vertices of a regular icosahedron, inscribed in a sphere. This ...

  9. Thompson groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_groups

    The Thompson group F is generated by operations like this on binary trees. Here L and T are nodes, but A B and R can be replaced by more general trees.. The group F also has realizations in terms of operations on ordered rooted binary trees, and as a subgroup of the piecewise linear homeomorphisms of the unit interval that preserve orientation and whose non-differentiable points are dyadic ...

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