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Dyspnea is typically the sensation of feeling short of breath and should not be confused with rapid breathing , excessive breathing or hyperventilation. [5] Once dyspnea is properly identified, it is important to differentiate between acute and chronic dyspnea, typically through a detailed physical exam and observation of the person's breathing ...
This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). It also includes illustrations showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
The sequence of the most-commonly-seen causes that lead to hemorrhagic type of hypovolemic shock is given in order of frequencies: blunt or penetrating trauma including multiple fractures absent from vessel impairment, upper gastrointestinal bleeding e.g., variceal hemorrhage, peptic ulcer., or lower GI bleeding e.g., diverticular, and ...
Kidney failure, also known as renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. [2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and ...
Nocturia is defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) as "the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding (i.e., to urinate)". [1] The term is derived from Latin nox – "night", and Greek [τα] ούρα – "urine". Causes are varied and can be difficult to discern. [2]
Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O 2) at increased partial pressures.Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes.
Acute kidney failure due to hypovolemia: the loss of vascular fluid into the tissues (edema) produces a decreased blood supply to the kidneys that cause a loss of kidney function. Thus it is a tricky task to get rid of excess fluid in the body while maintaining circulatory euvolemia.
Although RAAS blockade using more than one agent may further reduce proteinuria, the risk of adverse events (such as hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury) outweigh the potential benefits. [45] Therefore, it is recommended that only one agent is used in patients with DM who have hypertension or any signs of microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy.